McCrae RR, Costa PT, Jr. Psychological resilience among widowed men and women: A 10-year follow-up of a national sample. Journal of Social Issues 1988;44(3):129-142.

Used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination I--Epidemiologic Followup Survey by J. Cornoni-Huntley et al (1983) to examine long-term consequences of widowhood. Three groups (those married at initial survey and follow-up, those widowed during the follow-up interval, and those widowed at both times) were compared on measures of psychosocial status and functioning. Longitudinal analyses were also conducted for subsamples with data on the same variables at initial survey and follow-up. Ss showed lititlee or no difference on measures of self-rated health, activities of daily living, social network size, extraversion, openness to experience, psychological well-being, and depression. Results highlight the psychological resilience of most individuals and their capacity to adapt to stressful events and conditions.